The present study focuses on Compensatory lengthening of vowel in Ilami Kurdish variants on the basis of Moraic Theory. In Moraic Theory, one segment is removed from phonological layer but its mora remains in moraic layer. In the above-mentioned variants Compensatory lengthening occurs following deleting consonants like /? /, /j/ and /h/ and a vowel is lengthened following their deletion. In current study, the researcher, being a native speaker of Ilami Kurdish variant (Feily) and familiar with other Ilami Kurdish variants, collected data from 20 informants by interviewing with them. A descriptive-analytic approach was adopted in the study. Some of the most remarkable results of this research study are as follows: (1) The main motivation behind Compensatory lengthening is maintaining moraic weight of word which was demonstrated through non-linear analysis; thus, Moraic Theory can efficiently describe the Compensatory lengthening in Ilami Kurdish variants; (2) Only three consonants, namely /h/, /j/ and /x/, have syllable weight, whose deletion leads to Compensatory lengthening of vowel; (3) The maximum mora in Ilami Kurdish variants is three; (4) In Ilami Kurdish varients, the nature of the long vowels are changed as a result of deletion of moraic consonants following them.

The present study aims at investigating the process of Compensatory lengthening in Kermanshahi Persian. According to the moraic theory, if a unit in the base layer or temporal manner has Mora, and that unit is removed in the phonological layer, its mora remains free in the layers of the mora or temporal, and thus Compensatory lengthening takes place to maintain syllable or word weight. This paper is devoted to investigating two types of Compensatory lengthening: one resulting from the deletion of a moraic consonant and the other being triggered through vowel deletion. The Compensatory lengthening caused by the second case leads to gemination. However, the Compensatory lengthening does not occur only in the vowel, but by removing the vowel, the adjoining consonant suffers Compensatory lengthening.

This paper investigates some of the current phonological processes in Delvari dialect. These processes are as follow: vowel raising (the change from re to e in the open non-final syllable sræfrer to safær), vowel harmony (harmony of short vowels, re, e, 0 with long vowels a, i, u as in saheb to sahav), Compensatory lengthening (consonant deletion and vowel length ening as in poxt to po: t), assimilation (the change oft to s in the consonant cluster st as in bæste to bæsse in which complete assimilation is seen), weakening (the change of b to v and sometimes w as in xæbær to xævær), insertion (glide insertion as in tʃu+oku to tʃu-w-oku), and deletion (deletion of n at the end of the word as in nan to nu).The data was collected from ten male and female illiterate to educated native speakers within the age range of 17 to 65 within ten hours of interview.Then, on the basis of descriptive-analytic method and within the framework of transformational-generative phonology, phonetic contexts and changes were analyzed. In order to have a correct understanding of the roots of the words in the dialect, in addition to the phonological study, historical and morphological aspects were studied. In this dialect, the processes of weakening and deletion are more productive than others. Also, some of the processes appl ied for deriving acceptable syllable structures in phonotactics of this dialect.

This study investigated Compensatory lengthening processes in Persian language based on Stratal Optimality Theory. Descriptive-analytic method was used in this survey. Since Optimality Theory can’ t analyze intermediate levels of morphophonemics processes, the study evaluated morpho-phonemics analysis in Persian within the framework of Stratal Optimality Theory. Stratal Optimality Theory posits constraint evaluation at three distinct levels or strata: stem, word and phrase. This multi-level variation of the original OT model may provide more economical and elegant explanations. In this survey, attraction, glottal consonant deletion, and Compensatory lengthening processes were analyzed within Stratal Optimality Theory and the order of constraints in each level were indicated. Further cross-linguistic and theoretical research into the Stratal OT model is needed to establish its universality and superiority to other models.

the present research is aimed to analyze the Compensatory lengthening process in Delfan Laki dialect by the use of optimality theory and it wants to answer this question: Is there Compensatory lengthening in complex words or not? the research method is descriptive-analytic one. the data has been recorded and gathered by the field method and written their phonetic according to IPA. the above-mentioned process is explained and the constraints are extracted. the results reveal that Compensatory lengthening only happen in simple words and it cannot happen in complex words. the present research is aimed to analyze the Compensatory lengthening process in Delfan Laki dialect by the use of optimality theory and it wants to answer this question: is there Compensatory lengthening in complex words or not? the research method is descriptive-analytic. the data has been recorded and gathered by the field method and written their phonetic according to IPA. the above-mentioned process is explained and the constraints are extracted. the results reveal that Compensatory lengthening only happen in simple words and it cannot happen in complex words.

Kurdish, a northwestern Iranian language (Dabir Moghaddam, 2012, p. 598), holds a unique position among Iranian languages. Some scholars (McCarus 2009, p. 587) argue that Kurdish does not belong to a single, uniform group within Iranian languages, while they agree that this language occupies an intermediate position between the western, northern, and southern Iranian dialects. As such, the term “Kurdish” can be seen as a cover term for closely related language varieties in the western group of Iranian languages. Three main dialects of Kurdish are Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji), Central Kurdish (Sorani), and Southern Kurdish (Kalhori) (Blau, 1989, pp. 542-544 and McCarus, 2009, p. 587; Dabir Moghaddam, 2012, p. 601).The present study investigates whether Compensatory lengthening exists in the Kurdish language. If Compensatory lengthening does occure, the deletion of a mora-bearing consonant in the coda position would result in a stray mora. This stray mora would then reconnect to its preceding vowel in languages where the coda consonant triggers Compensatory lengthening (CL) and the vowel is the target. In Kurdish, there are tautosyllabic clusters with CL, such as /ʃahɾ/: [ʃɑɾ] ‘city’ and /taʕm/: [tɑm] ‘taste’, as well as heterosyllabic clusters with CL, like /lah.ʤa/:[lɑ.ʤa] ‘accent’ and /maʕ.nɑ/: [mɑ.nɑ] ‘meaning’. The primary focus of this study is to determine whether these two consonants are moraic in Kurdish and to identify the threshold for moraicity in this language. It is also important to note that these words are not native, so they can be seen as a nativization process adapted by native speakers of Kurdish.CL has been extensively studied in many languages, including Persian and Kurdish. In Persian, this process has been examined from various perspectives; Darzi (1993) and Kord Zafaranlu Kambuziya (2000) conducted general investigations; Bijankhan (2000) and Sadeghi (2007; 2019) adopted a perceptual viewpoint, while Shademan (2005) approached it phonetically, and Safaie-Qalati (2013) used a cognitive approach. Among these works, only Mahdavi et al. (2019) investigated this process within the framework of Stratal OT (STOT).In terms of Moraic theory, Compensatory lengthening was studied by Alinezhad & Zahedi (2009) in Sorani Kurdish, Badakhshan & Zamani (2015) in Kalhori Kurdish, Sobati (2018) in Ilami Kurdish and Ahmadi Varmazani & Fattahi (2019) in Kermanshahi Farsi.

The process of Compensatory lengthening characteristic of the Kurdish dialect of Sorany is what this paper sets out to study. Within the framework of Moraic Theory, this process is assumed to be triggered by the deletion of a given moraic segment on the phoneme layer, with its mora remaining free on the mora level. This paper is devoted to investigating two types of Compensatory lengthening: one resulting from the deletion of a moraic consonant and the other being triggered through vowel deletion. As far as the dialect under discussion is concerned, four consonants can be recognized: /h/، /ħ/ and /x/. What the results of this paper show is that, preserving the word weight, and not the syllable weight as claimed by Hayes (1989), is the main offshoot of Compensatory lengthening.

This article addresses the phonetic interpretations of glottal consonants across various phonological positions through an experimental approach. The first section of the article reviews theories suggested concerning the phonemic status of the glottal stop in Persian over the past few decates. The second section provides experiments conducted by the author to evaluate the accuracy of existing theories and suggestions in relation with the phonological behaviour of glottal consonants in different phonetic contexts.

Digemination is a phonological process, which is found in some languages like Persian. Since historical surveys implied languages’ tendency to this phenomenon and, it has not been to date studied systematically in Persian, so the purpose of the present research is to introduce this phenomenon and provide some information about its characteristics. In this paper, the relation between digemination and gemination with other rules like assimilation, lenition, fortition, Compensatory lengthening was investigated. The research is based on corpus consisting of 12000 data from 33 Iranian dialects gathered from dialectology books and papers. In addition to qualitative analysis, the quantitative calculation of the features frequency has been used as well. In sum, the results illustrated that: 1-digemination behaves versus gemination, 2-Compensatory lengthening and insertion are the most frequent rules related to digemination, 3-digemination causes other phonological processes and 4-different classes of consonants show different behavior toward gemination as liquid>stop>nasal>glide, and this direction is versus in digemination.

This paper addresses the pronunciation of the Quranic words in the location of pause, or vaqf. Data descriptive generalization shows that the indefinite morpheme and short high vowels /u/ and /i/, respectively for nominative and genitive cases, delete in the pause location. This results in forming a heavy or ultra-heavy syllable in the pause location via adhesion of mora of omitted syllable onset to the final syllable. For pronunciation of the indefinite masculine words in accusative case, deletion of the indefinite morpheme is compensated by lengthening the low vowel /a/ through spreading the floating mora to the low vowel slot. The reason behind resistance of the low vowel to delete could be its high degree of sonority. For pronunciation of the feminine words, indefinite and case morphemes delete, and then /t/ converts into [h] through omission of the supra-laryngeal features and staying laryngeal node. The main aim of this paper is to formalize the phonological pattern of the Quranic words in the location of Vaqf. Research methodology is of descriptive and explanatory type. Accordingly the Quranic phonological rules prohibits to license presence of the light syllable in the pause location, while to license heavy and ultra-heavy syllables via deletion and Compensatory lengthening processes in the pause location...